Surveying

SURVEYING
SURVEYING has to do with the determination of the relative location of points on or near the surface of the earth. It is the art of measuring horizontal and vertikal distance between objects, of measuring angels between lines, of determining the directions of lines, and establishing points by predetermined angular linear measurements .

Concomitant White the actual measurements of surveying are mathematical calculations. Distances, angels, directions, elevations, areas, and volumes are Thus determined from data of the survey. Also, much of the information of the survey is portrayed graphically by by the constructionof maps, profiles,cross-sections, and diagrams.

Thus the process of surveying may be divided into the field work of computing and drawing necessary to the purpose of establishing the boundaries of land, and such surveys are still the important work of many surveyors. Every construction project of any magnitude is based to a greater or less degree upon measurements taken during the progress of a surveys and is constructed about lines and points established by the surveyor.A side from land surveys, practically all surveys of a private nature and most of those conducted by public Agencies ore of assistance in the conception, desing, execution of engineering works.

For many years the goverment, and in some instances the individual states have conducted surveys over large areas for a variety of purpose. The principal works so far accomplished consists in the fixing of national and state boundaries, the precise location of definete reference points throught the country, the collection of valuable facts concering the earth’s magnetism at widely scattered stations,and the mappingof certain portions of the interior particulary near the seacoasts, along the principal River and Lakers, in the localities of valuable mineral deposits, and in the older and more thickly settled region.

Thus surveys are devided into Three classes : (1) those for the primary purpose of establishing the bondaries of land, (2) those providing information necessary for the contruction of public or private works, and (3) those of large extent and high precesion conducted by the goverments and to some extend by the states.